You Have the Right to Remain Silent, But Anything You Don’t Say May Be Used Against You: The Admissibility of Silence as Evidence After Salinas v. Texas

In Salinas v. Texas, the United States Supreme Court held that a suspect’s refusal to answer an officer’s questions during a noncustodial, pre-Miranda, criminal interrogation is admissible at trial as substantive evidence of guilt. In a plurality decision, Justice Samuel Alito emphasized that before a suspect can rely on the privilege against self-incrimination, the suspect must invoke the privilege. Consequently, because silence does not invoke the privilege, and because the petitioner failed to expressly invoke the privilege in words, the prosecutor’s use of his pre-Miranda silence during a noncustodial interrogation did not violate the Fifth Amendment. The Salinas decision is important because it gives insight into the extent that the constitutional right to remain silent truly protects citizens while speaking—or refusing to speak—to law enforcement. Furthermore, the decision created new rules governing the admissibility of silence evidence that may have a significant effect at trial and at sentencing. After explaining the Salinas decision in more detail, this Comment briefly discusses the Supreme Court’s development of rules governing the evidentiary admissibility of silence that occurs during questioning by law enforcement. Then, this Comment addresses how Salinas has changed that framework. Finally, this Comment explains how Salinas implied the “right” answer to the only question regarding the admissibility of silence evidence that remains today

You Have the Right to Remain Silent, But Anything You Don’t Say May Be Used Against You: The Admissibility of Silence as Evidence After Salinas v. Texas

In Salinas v. Texas, the United States Supreme Court held that a suspect’s refusal to answer an officer’s questions during a noncustodial, pre-Miranda, criminal interrogation is admissible at trial as substantive evidence of guilt. In a plurality decision, Justice Samuel Alito emphasized that before a suspect can rely on the privilege against self-incrimination, the suspect must invoke the privilege. Consequently, because silence does not invoke the privilege, and because the petitioner failed to expressly invoke the privilege in words, the prosecutor’s use of his pre-Miranda silence during a noncustodial interrogation did not violate the Fifth Amendment. The Salinas decision is important because it gives insight into the extent that the constitutional right to remain silent truly protects citizens while speaking—or refusing to speak—to law enforcement. Furthermore, the decision created new rules governing the admissibility of silence evidence that may have a significant effect at trial and at sentencing. After explaining the Salinas decision in more detail, this Comment briefly discusses the Supreme Court’s development of rules governing the evidentiary admissibility of silence that occurs during questioning by law enforcement. Then, this Comment addresses how Salinas has changed that framework. Finally, this Comment explains how Salinas implied the “right” answer to the only question regarding the admissibility of silence evidence that remains today

QoS-Based Middleware Architecture for Distributed Control Systems

The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-85863-8_70This paper presents an implementation of a middleware architecture to control distributed systems. The main objective is providing a QoS level between the communications layer and the control layer. This architecture is based on the use of a hierarchical communications structure called logical namespace tree and a structured set of control processes interconnected, called logical sensors graph . This architecture is named Frame Sensor Adapter Control (FSA-Ctrl). In this architecture communication layer and control layer can manage the QoS policies. The communication layer is based on the Data Distribution Service (DDS), a standard proposed by Object Management Group (OMG). Control layer is derived from the Sensor Web Enablement (SWE) model proposed by Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC). Middleware components use messages queues to manage components QoS requirements. By means of QoS policies, control components can take important decisions about distributed questions, like components mobility or information redundancy detection.The architecture described in this article is a part of the coordinated project KERTROL: Kernel control on embedded system strongly connected. Education and Science Department, Spanish Government. CICYT: DPI2005-09327-C02-01/02.Poza-Lujan, J.; Posadas-Yagüe, J.; Simó Ten, JE. (2009). QoS-Based Middleware Architecture for Distributed Control Systems. En International Symposium on Distributed Computing and Artificial Intelligence 2008 (DCAI 2008). Springer. 587-595. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-85863-8_70S587595Matteucci, M.: Publish/Subscribe Middleware for Robotics: Requirements and State of the Art. Technical Report N 2003.3, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy (2003)OMG. Data Distribution Service for Real-Time Systems, v1.1. Document formal/2005-12-04 (2005)Botts, M., Percivall, G., Reed, C., Davidson, J. (eds.): OGC. Sensor Web Enablement: Overview and High Level Architecture. OGC White Paper. OGC 06-050r2 (2006)Coulouris, G., Dollimore, J., Kindberg, T.: Distributed systems, concepts and design, 3rd edn. Addison-Wesley, Reading (2001)OMG. Real-Time Corba Specification version 1.1. Document formal /02-08-02 (2002)FIPA. Specfication. Part 2, Agent Communication Language. Foundation for Intelligent Physical Agents (1997)Hapner, M., Sharma, R., Fialli, J., Stout, K.: JMS specification, vol. 1.1. Sun Microsystems Inc., Santa Clara (2002)Pardo-Castellote, G.: OMG Data-Distribution Service: architectural overview. In: Proceedings of 23rd International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems Workshops, Providence, USA, vol. 19-22, pp. 200–206 (2003)Vogel, A., Kerherve, B., von Bochmann, G., Gecsei, J.: Distributed Multimedia and QoS: A Survey. IEEE Multimedia 2(2), 10–19 (1995)Crawley, E., Nair, R., Rajagopalan, B.: RFC 2386: A Framework for QoS-based Routing in the Internet. IETF Internet Draft, pp. 1–37 (1998)Botts, M., Percivall, G., Reed, C., Davidson, J.: OGC. Sensor Web Enablement: Overview and High Level Architecture. OpenGIS Consortium Inc. (2006)Posadas, J.L., Perez, P., Simo, J.E., Benet, G., Blanes, F.: Communication structure for sensory data in mobile robots. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence 15(3-4), 341–350 (2002)Poza, J.L., Posadas, J.L., Simó, J.E., Benet, G.: Hierarchical communication system to manage maps in mobile robot navigation. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Automation, Control and Instrumentation, Valencia, Spain (2006)Poza, J.L., Posadas, J.L., Simó, J.E.: Distributed agent specification to an Intelligent Control Architecture. In: 6th International Workshop on Practical Applications of Agents and Multiagent Systems, Salamanca, Spain (in press, 2007

Adding an ontology to a standardized QoS-based MAS middleware

The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02481-8_12In a Multi-Agent system, middleware is one of the components used to isolate control and communications. The use of standards in the implementation of an intelligent distributed system is always advantageous. This paper presents a middleware that provides support to a multi-agent system. Middleware is based on the standard Data Distribution Services (DDS), proposed by Object Management Group (OGM). Middleware organizes information by tree based ontology and provides a set of quality of service policies that agents can use to increase efficiency. DDS provides a set of quality of service policy. Joining quality of service policy and the ontology allows getting many advantages, among others the possibility of to conceal some details of the communications system to agents, the correct location of the agents in the distributed system, or the monitoring agents in terms of quality of service. For modeling the middleware architecture it has used UML class diagrams. As an example it has presented the implementation of a mobile robot navigation system through agents that model behaviors.The MAS architecture described in this article is a part of the coordinated project SIDIRELI: Distributed Systems with Limited Resources. Control Kernel and Coordination. Education and Science Department, Spanish Government. CICYT: MICINN: DPI2008-06737-C02-01/02.Poza-Lujan, J.; Posadas-Yagüe, J.; Simó Ten, JE. (2009). Adding an ontology to a standardized QoS-based MAS middleware. En Distributed Computing, Artificial Intelligence, Bioinformatics, Soft Computing, and Ambient Assisted Living. Springer. 83-90. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-02481-8_12S8390Coulouris, G., Dollimore, J., Kindberg, T.: Distributed systems, concepts and design, 3rd edn. Addison Wesley, Reading (2001)Hapner, M., Sharma, R., Fialli, J., Stout, K.: JMS specification, vol. 1.1. Sun Microsystems Inc., Santa Clara (2002)Lewis, R.: Advanced Messaging Applications with MSMQ and MQ Series. Que Publishing (1999)OMG. Real-Time Corba Specification version 1.1. Document formal /02-08-02 (2002)FIPA. Specfication. Part 2, Agent Communication Language. Foundation for Intelligent Physical Agents (1997)Vogel, A., Kerherve, B., von Bochmann, G., Gecsei, J.: Distributed Multimedia and QoS: A Survey. IEEE Multimedia 2(2), 10–19 (1995)Smith, B.: Beyond concepts, or: Ontology as reality representation. In: Formal Ontology in Information Systems (FOIS 2004), pp. 73–84 (2004)Gruber, T.R.: Toward Principles for the Design of Ontologies Used for Knowledge Sharing. International Journal Human-Computer Studies 43(5-6), 907–928 (1995)Pardo-Castellote, G.: OMG Data-Distribution Service: architectural overview. In: Proceedings of 23rd International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems Workshops, Providence, USA, vols. 19-22, pp. 200–206 (2003)Object Management Group (OMG). Unified Modeling Language Specification, v1.4.2, ISO/IEC 19501 (2001)Poza, J.L., Posadas, J.I., Simó, J.E.: Distributed agent specification to an Intelligent Control Architecture. In: 6th International Workshop on Practical Applications of Agents and Multiagent Systems, Salamanca (2007)Poza, J.L., Posadas, J.l., Simó, J.E.: QoS-based middleware archi-tecture for distributed control systems. In: International Symposium on Distributed Computing and Artificial Intelligence, Salamanca (2008

Multiagent cooperation for solving global optimization problems: an extendible framework with example cooperation strategies

This paper proposes the use of multiagent cooperation for solving global optimization problems through the introduction of a new multiagent environment, MANGO. The strength of the environment lays in itsflexible structure based on communicating software agents that attempt to solve a problem cooperatively. This structure allows the execution of a wide range of global optimization algorithms described as a set of interacting operations. At one extreme, MANGO welcomes an individual non-cooperating agent, which is basically the traditional way of solving a global optimization problem. At the other extreme, autonomous agents existing in the environment cooperate as they see fit during run time. We explain the development and communication tools provided in the environment as well as examples of agent realizations and cooperation scenarios. We also show how the multiagent structure is more effective than having a single nonlinear optimization algorithm with randomly selected initial points

IKAP/Elp1 Is Required In Vivo for Neurogenesis and Neuronal Survival, but Not for Neural Crest Migration

Familial Dysautonomia (FD; Hereditary Sensory Autonomic Neuropathy; HSAN III) manifests from a failure in development of the peripheral sensory and autonomic nervous systems. The disease results from a point mutation in the IKBKAP gene, which encodes the IKAP protein, whose function is still unresolved in the developing nervous system. Since the neurons most severely depleted in the disease derive from the neural crest, and in light of data identifying a role for IKAP in cell motility and migration, it has been suggested that FD results from a disruption in neural crest migration. To determine the function of IKAP during development of the nervous system, we (1) first determined the spatial-temporal pattern of IKAP expression in the developing peripheral nervous system, from the onset of neural crest migration through the period of programmed cell death in the dorsal root ganglia, and (2) using RNAi, reduced expression of IKBKAP mRNA in the neural crest lineage throughout the process of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) development in chick embryos in ovo. Here we demonstrate that IKAP is not expressed by neural crest cells and instead is expressed as neurons differentiate both in the CNS and PNS, thus the devastation of the PNS in FD could not be due to disruptions in neural crest motility or migration. In addition, we show that alterations in the levels of IKAP, through both gain and loss of function studies, perturbs neuronal polarity, neuronal differentiation and survival. Thus IKAP plays pleiotropic roles in both the peripheral and central nervous systems

Small molecule activators of the Trk receptors for neuroprotection

The neurotophin signaling network is critical to the development and survival of many neuronal populations. Especially sensitive to imbalances in the neurotrophin system, cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain are progressively lost in Alzheimer's disease. Therapeutic use of neurotrophins to prevent this loss is hampered, however, by a number of pharmacological challenges. These include a lack of transport across the blood-brain barrier, rapid degradation in the circulation, and difficulty in production. In this review we discuss the evidence supporting the neurotrophin system's role in preventing neurodegeneration and survey some of the pharmacological strategies being pursued to develop effective therapeutics targeting neurotrophin function